Provisioning Services

Provisioning services are described as products and services obtained directly from ecosystems. Among ecosystem products and services, provisioning services are the most visible and the most studied (DKM, 2020).

Within this service, physical outputs, products, or raw materials are obtained through various processes and functions of ecosystems. Provisioning services are among the most fundamental benefits provided by forest ecosystems and include elements that directly support human life. Provisioning services are evaluated in six categories: food, water, raw materials, genetic resources, medicinal resources, and ornamental resources. 

Food: One of the most fundamental provisioning services offered by ecosystems is food. Forests are the source of various wild fruits, edible mushrooms, and natural foods like honey. For example, fruits such as raspberries and blackberries, or honey obtained through natural beekeeping, are among the food services of forests. These products both meet the needs of the local population and carry economic value. 


Water: Forest ecosystems play a critical role in regulating the water cycle. Forests contribute to the replenishment of groundwater while improving the water quality of streams and ponds. Clean water obtained from these areas is used for both drinking water and agricultural irrigation purposes. 

Raw Materials: Many natural materials used in human activities are obtained from forests. Products such as timber, wood, and fibers used in paper production are among the important non-wood forest products provided by forests. Additionally, other products like resin and cork are utilized as raw materials in different sectors. 

Genetic Resources: Forest ecosystems are rich in genetic diversity. Genetic materials obtained from endemic plant species are used in agriculture and the pharmaceutical industry. For example, the genetic characteristics of some forest trees provide resources for developing new species resistant to drought or diseases. 

Medicinal Resources: The origin of many medicinal products lies in plants growing in forests. Medicinal herbs, alkaloids extracted from barks, and other natural compounds provide valuable raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. For example, salicylic acid obtained from the bark of the willow tree is the raw material for pain relief medications. 

Ornamental Resources: Forests harbor many natural resources used for aesthetic and cultural purposes. Ornamental resources such as flowers, cones, and branches used for handicrafts are particularly valued in decoration and traditional arts. These products hold significant potential for both individual and commercial use.